Origen had said that the Father was due glory and reverence as God himself ( autotheos) that was not due to the Son.Īrius’s bishop, Alexander, disagreed, pointing out that Origen also said “Father” is an eternal attribute of God. Thus, only the Father could be considered uncreated and “timelessly self-subsistent.”Īrius thought that his interpretation had good footing in the theology of the great teacher Origen of the prior century. In Alexandria in AD 318, a presbyter named Arius began publicly proclaiming his theory that Jesus was not God at all, only a celestial servant of the true Most High God, who alone was almighty, transcendent, the creator and first cause of all things.Īfter all, Jesus was prone to emotion (as opposed to the Father, who was always in control of his emotions), grew and learned (as opposed to the Father, who never changed), and died (as opposed to the Father, who is immortal). The council was summoned to resolve a problem that had sprung up seven years earlier and had left the Christian church fiercely divided. While it is common today to overemphasize Constantine’s role and authority in influencing the shape of Christianity as we know it (he did not declare that Jesus is God or decide the books of the New Testament by any stretch of the imagination), there is no doubt that this was one of the critical turning points in Christianity. It was Constantine who convened the first ecumenical, fully representative, universally recognized council of the Christian church. Constantine was himself a recent convert to Christianity, having (temporarily) ended all persecution by decree in AD 313 after he claimed that he won a battle by calling out to the Christian God. In AD 324, Constantine reunited the Roman Empire under a single throne. What we call the Nicene Creed is actually the product of two ecumenical councils-one in Nicaea (present-day Iznik, Turkey) in AD 325, and one in Constantinople (now Istanbul) in AD 381-and a century of debate over the nature of the relationship between the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.
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